Once considered uncommon, now India's major health concern

Head and neck cancer is now a major health concern in India. Once considered uncommon, it has now become one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in the nation. Every year, thousands of lives are disrupted due to late diagnosis and a lack of awareness. This alarming trend calls for immediate attention, especially since early detection significantly improves the chances of recovery.

Causes: Behind the Surge

Several lifestyle factors are fueling the rise of head and neck cancer in India. Tobacco use, in both smoking and smokeless forms, is one of the most significant contributors. India is one of the largest consumers of tobacco worldwide, and this habit alone is responsible for over 70% of head and neck cancer cases. Alcohol consumption, especially when combined with tobacco, amplifies the risk substantially. Apart from that, poor oral hygiene, prolonged exposure to polluted air, and infections like Human Papillomavirus (HPV) also increase vulnerability. Many rural and urban low-income populations face higher exposure to these risk factors due to limited access to healthcare and a lack of public awareness.

Symptoms: Spotting the Early Signs

Cancer often begins with subtle signs rather than obvious symptoms. Persistent ulcers in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, unexplained weight loss, or hoarseness that doesn’t go away are often the first signs. Many patients ignore these symptoms, mistaking them for minor infections or common seasonal issues. When identified early, most head and neck cancers can be treated effectively. Unfortunately, most patients seek help only when the disease has already progressed. Swelling or lumps in the neck, non-healing sores, or persistent ear pain can also point toward cancer. As such, regular self-checks and prompt consultation with specialists make a crucial difference.

Risk Groups: Who Should Be More Alert?

Men over 40 represent the largest group diagnosed with head and neck cancer. However, recent studies show that younger adults are increasingly affected, especially due to the popularity of flavoured tobacco products and vaping. Those with long-term exposure to industrial chemicals, workers in construction and factories, and individuals with poor nutritional intake also face higher risks. Genetics play a role as well, although lifestyle choices remain the dominant factor in India. Healthcare experts recommend regular check-ups for those with a tobacco or alcohol history or ongoing symptoms. As a result, timely screening can prevent life-threatening outcomes.

Prevention and Awareness: The Way Forward

Empowering people through education is key. As such, reducing tobacco and alcohol use, maintaining good oral hygiene, and wearing protective masks in polluted environments can significantly lower the risk. Vaccination against HPV also holds promise in reducing cancer cases linked to the virus. Health campaigns must reach schools, workplaces, and rural communities. Moreover, training local healthcare providers to recognise early signs can ensure faster referrals and treatment. Encouraging annual dental visits and check-ups, especially for those over 40, can go a long way in early diagnosis.

Final Thoughts: Awareness is a Lifesaver

India cannot ignore the rising number of head and neck cancer cases any longer. As the number of cases continues to rise, so must the efforts to prevent and detect them. Every person deserves to live free from the shadows of preventable disease. Let every symptom be a reason to act, not to wait. Early action can turn a silent threat into a survival story.

Dr. Philip George Kuttikat is a Consultant, Medical Oncology, Apollo Adlux Hospital, Angamaly